Presente
Reactionary official socio-cultural tendencies (examples include Brazilian evangelicism under Bolsonaro; Russian homophobia; Indian Islamophobia and patriarchy; Chinese hostility to Muslim Uighurs, Buddhist Tibetans, ethnic Mongolians and Hong Kong democrats; and South African xenophobia; plus in the new BRICS regimes, Egyptian militarist authoritarianism; Ethiopian ethnicism; Indonesian police brutality; Iranian discrimination based on gender and sexual preference; UAE’s tribal autocracy)
Corrections are welcome. If you like, I can send more on the way subsequent Marxists have written about subimperialism, e.g. here in South Africa both before and after 1994, and in the BRICS:
• Immanuel Wallerstein’s World-Systems ‘semi-periphery’ (1975)
• Ibbo Mandaza’s warning about subimperialism practices of the apartheid-era South African state and capital (1980)
• David Harvey’s application of the subimperialism concept to post-1970s footloose capital’s ‘spatial fix’ (2003)
• Sam Moyo’s and Paris Yeros’ application of Marini’s theory to the BRICS (2013)
• Samir Amin’s labelling of post-apartheid South Africa as ‘subimperialist’ (2019)
• Gorden Moyo’s confirmation that in the African economy, BRICS are subimperial (2024)
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