https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_R%C3%BChle
Rühle was one of the earliest and most trenchant left-communist critics of Bolshevism. Based on his experiences in Soviet Russia in 1920, he came to view the Bolshevik state not as a proletarian dictatorship, but as a new form of bureaucratic rule.[5] He argued that the Bolshevik revolution was not a proletarian but a bourgeois revolution, which had carried out the tasks of modernizing and industrializing Russia under a state-capitalist regime.[12] [13] The Bolshevik Party, in his analysis, was not a party of the working class but of a new ruling class of intellectuals and bureaucrats.[12] He saw the Comintern's centralized and militarized structure as an attempt to impose this Russian model on the workers' movements of the West, a policy he believed would be disastrous
Under the pseudonym Carl Steuermann, Rühle authored one of the first Marxist analyses of fascism, Weltkrise – Weltwende. Kurs auf den Staatskapitalismus (World Crisis – World Turn. The Course towards State Capitalism, 1931).[16] He saw fascism not as a uniquely Italian or German phenomenon, but as a general tendency of modern capitalism in its period of crisis.[16] For Rühle, both bourgeois democracy and fascism were forms of capitalist rule, and the development of capitalism was leading all countries towards a form of state capitalism, characterized by the fusion of economic and political power.[17]
In his 1939 work Fascisme brun, fascisme rouge (Brown Fascism, Red Fascism), Rühle controversially argued that the Soviet system under Stalin was a form of "Red Fascism", structurally equivalent to the Nazi regime in Germany.
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