After 15 Jewish people were murdered and dozens more injured in a mass shooting at Bondi Beach late last year, the Albanese government announced a royal commission into antisemitism.
That attack has not been linked to HAYI, which has so far claimed less deadly events. For example, the group says it was behind a March arson attack on four ambulances in London belonging to the Jewish-run emergency medical service Hatzolah.
That same month, a 17-year-old boy was arrested outside the Bank of America headquarters, in Paris, attempting to ignite a homemade bomb.
It has been alleged HAYI recruited the suspect via the social media app Snapchat, and offered him 600 euros ($980) to carry out the operation.
"Basically, this is a new model of recruiting, where single-use agents are signed up online and offered money," Mr Lanchès said.
Experts warn Australia a 'perfect' target for new 'ghost proxy' Islamist terror network - ABC News
Instead of spending time and resources training militants, it recruits petty criminals and offers them money to carry out its attacks. Flexible work arrangements like this are often referred to as the "gig economy", and Mr Fiennes argues that term now extends to terrorism.
"We know this network is linked to Iran and its proxies," Mr Fiennes said. "Most of the perpetrators of these attacks appear to be financially motivated, and some of them claimed not to know who they were ultimately working for."
Initially, HAYI used the encrypted messaging service Telegram to publicise its activities, but the platform has since taken the group's channel down
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