Herd shot around the world

 LRB -  " . . . Instead of a shared historical trajectory, then, history is portrayed as unfolding through multiple independent paths of development in which civilisations compete for dominance. The Russian ideological lexicon describes this as ‘multipolarity’, an alternative to the arrogant ‘unipolarity’ of the US-led international order of the 1990s.

Russia did not pioneer these ideas, which were first sketched out by Johann Herder in the 18th century and developed by writers as diverse as François Guizot in the 19th century and Oswald Spengler in the early 20th century . . ."

Politics and Opinion in the Nineteenth Century. An Historical Introduction. By John Bowle. (Cape; 25s.) | Blackfriars | Cambridge Core

Unbridled nationalism