The Lamb shift is a small but significant energy difference between two energy levels in a hydrogen atom that was not predicted by the Dirac equation. It arises from the interaction of the electron with the quantum vacuum and virtual photons, and is a key piece of evidence supporting the development of modern quantum electrodynamics (QED).
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamb_shift
The effect was the harbinger of modern quantum electrodynamics
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